Lack of sex education in Oklahoma City schools raises questions

Oklahoma's largest school district no longer offers sex education courses, choosing instead to teach related content that applies to core subjects like physiology and elective courses such as adult and family living.

Much about sex education has changed since Susan Johnson-Staples taught the subject for Oklahoma City Public Schools in the 1980s.
Back then, Johnson-Staples was a home economics and personal development teacher who discussed the birds and bees with students in great detail.
“We had a longer length of time to talk about relationships, to talk about intimacy, to talk about refusal skills, to talk about the use of contraception,” recalled Johnson-Staples, now the district's director of college and career readiness and guidance services.
“Those were the kinds of things that were discussed, but they were discussed in a very structured, sequential and age-appropriate manner.”
The state's largest school district no longer offers sex education courses, choosing instead to teach related content that applies to core subjects like physiology and elective courses such as adult and family living.
By law, public schools in Oklahoma are not required to teach sex education but must provide AIDS prevention education.
And that has Johnson-Staples and others concerned, including those who track births and sexually transmitted diseases among teenagers.
“I believe that given everything that is happening in society today it would be helpful to offer good quality programs,” Johnson-Staples said. “In the absence of healthy, accurate information, kids are going to find their own answers. Kids are really misinformed in a lot of areas when it comes to those things.”
The number of teen births and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) has prompted concern among administrators with state and local health departments.
Statewide, 21,307 cases of sexually transmitted diseases, including 20 cases of HIV, were reported among those ages 15 to 19 in 2012, according to the state Health Department.
“Based on the STD rate that we're seeing in adolescents, it's obvious that there's an educational need regarding sexual health,” said Kristen Eberly, who manages the Health Department's HIV and STD programs.
“When we talk to newly diagnosed individuals, oftentimes they tell us they didn't know they're putting themselves at risk for HIV because they were never taught how to protect themselves.”
Although teen birthrates across the country continue to decline, Oklahoma still has one of the highest teen birthrates in the country, said Thad Burk, who studies disease and analyzes trends for the Health Department.
Statewide, there were 47.8 births per 1,000 females ages 15 to 19 in 2011, the fifth-highest rate in the country, Burk said. In Oklahoma County the birthrate was 56.2.
Oklahoma is one of the only states that does not mandate school districts to provide comprehensive health education, which includes sex education.
“I think if you look at simply the birthrates, you can say that yes, there is a need for more comprehensive sexuality education,” said Linsey Garlington, teen pregnancy prevention program supervisor for the Oklahoma City-County Health Department. “We believe that parents are the first and most important educators of their children. We hope that they're getting information from a trusted adult.”
The AIDS scare changed the way parents, educators and lawmakers looked at sex education and in 1987, legislation was passed requiring public schools to teach AIDS prevention.
“I think that brought about a more-inclusive awareness,” Johnson-Staples said. “More parents got involved in the process and started asking questions, calling or coming to school.”
In the early 1990s, the district stopped teaching students about contraception in favor of abstinence.
“I would say our overriding goal is that we want to teach kids that participating in sexually activity is a choice and that it can lead to things and that abstinence is probably the safest way to avoid anything,” Johnson-Staples said.
Debbie Johnson oversees about three dozen nurses for the Oklahoma City district as health services administrator. Those nurses teach human growth and development to fourth- and fifth-graders.
“We are very open and honest with them about the things they are going through,” she said. “But when they ask me questions about sexuality I tell them, ‘that's a conversation you should have with mom or dad.'”
And that's where sex education often gets lost in translation, said Johnson, a former elementary school nurse.
“I just don't think people sit down and have the conversations they need to have with their kids, and I don't think the kids sit down and have the conversations they need to have with their parents,” she said. “They listen to their peers and older siblings.”
Under state law, parents have the right to inspect all curriculum and material used in connection with a sex education class or program designed to discuss sexual behavior or attitudes.
The Oklahoma City district provides permission slips for parents to sign only if they do not want their child to be exposed to such content.
“We still will have those parents who truly believe that this is a subject matter that needs to be addressed at home and not in a school setting,” Johnson-Staples said.
It is unclear how many of Oklahoma's more than 500 school districts teach sex education.
“They're not required to report it to us, so we don't have a way to count it,” said Tricia Pemberton, a spokeswoman for the state Department of Education.
Students who choose to disregard the district's message of abstinence are encouraged to talk to their parents and their doctors, Johnson-Staples said.

Poor sex education linked to crimes against children

HIGH levels of crime and crimes against children have a connection to poor sex education for the country’s youth, said UNAIDS country co-ordinator for Trinidad and Tobago, Izola Garcia.

Commenting on crimes against children seen in a spate in the past two weeks, Garcia said the issue has roots in a lack of education and sex education that has led to a generation of young parents with little parenting skills.
While this was not necessarily the case in the recent incidents, where three children have been killed apparently by adults close to them, Garcia said this country is now reaping the fruits of its refusal to implement proper sex education and educational reform in schools.
Garcia was speaking at a launch Wednesday of a new programme, “Outreach to Vulnerable Communities”, a pilot project that will use a voucher system to offer physical and mental health services to at-risk young people, immigrant sex workers, men who have sex with men, transgender women, drug users, the homeless, and differently-abled persons.
Garcia said “at-risk” youth can be classified as any young people who lack information on sexual and reproductive health and or lack access to that information.
Many of these vulnerable young people are the ones contributing to a teenaged pregnancy rate of 14 per cent, or one in seven births, and are caught in a cycle made worse by poverty.
“They are having children that they did not plan for and often cannot properly care for,” Garcia said.
Garcia’s call for this country to stop being “hypocritical” towards sex education was supported by executive director of the Family Planning Association of Trinidad and Tobago (FPATT), Dona Da Costa Martinez.
“At this stage, we are still debating whether sex education should be allowed in schools, which is ridiculous,” Martinez said.
“In the meantime, information is available from the youngest age at the touch of a button to our children.”
Martinez and Garcia said it is time to get over the notion that teaching children about sex will encourage them to become more sexually active.
“Sex is already in our schools,” Martinez said, adding that a “one off” lecture or the odd spare period spent talking about sex will not suffice.
“We need a sustained programme that is part of the curriculum,” Martinez said.
Garcia said this country will fail its developmental goals unless sex education is addressed and soon.
“This  generation of decision-makers is failing our children,” Garcia said.
“We are now reaping the fruits of that and living in an age where we can no longer hide anything from our children.”
The pilot project will work through 15 non-governmental organisations and will offer tailored services at FPATT’s locations in Port of Spain, San Fernando and at Tobago’s  mobile clinic.
Clients can be screened for non-communicable diseases, as well as sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and will have access to health counselling.
Martinez reminded the public that FPATT’s services are conducted in a discreet manner within the clinic’s consultation rooms.

Fish attracted to same-sex flirts

Male mollies nip both sexes to improve their chances of mating

 

Female fish are attracted to males that "flirt" with other males, a study has found.

Scientists in Germany studied the behaviour of tropical fish Poecilia mexicana, known as Atlantic mollies.

The female fish are known to "mate copy" - preferring to mate with males they have seen interacting sexually with other fish.

Researchers found that females still took an interest in males when their flirtations were with the same sex.

Dr David Bierbach from the University of Frankfurt, Germany, led the research that is published in the Royal Society journal Biology Letters.

In the paper, researchers refer to homosexual behaviour in the animal kingdom as a "conundrum".

"Male homosexual behaviour can be found in most extant classes across the animal kingdom, but represents a Darwinian puzzle as same-sex mating should decrease male reproductive fitness," they wrote.

However, many animals that engage in homosexual behaviour have also been observed mating with the opposite sex, including penguins and bonobos.

Females choose their mates in molly society

Biologists have suggested that such actions could still reap genetic rewards, despite the perceived lack of reproduction, through knock-on effects.

For Atlantic molly males "nip" near the genital openings of potential mates to signal their readiness to mate.

Scientists have suggested that such behaviour helps to demonstrate the quality of males, because their level of exertions can indicate overall health and virility.

Yet subordinate males are known to nip both females and other males.

Studies of the fish, which are found from Mexico to Guatemala, have shown that they can discern the sexes based on pheromones and visual cues, undermining any theories of misrecognition.

So, in order to understand the motivations behind this behaviour, the German scientists studied Atlantic mollies in their lab.

Using animated recordings, the team tested how "attractive" the fish found different examples.

While the females found a colourful male more attractive than a drab counterpart when swimming side by side, they reacted better to "less attractive" males once they had observed them nipping either males or females.

"We were quite surprised to find out that observed homosexual interactions had the same influence on females' preferences as heterosexual interactions," explained Dr Bierbach.

"The implications are that sexual activity per se is a trait used by females to evaluate males' quality and that our results could also be true in other species."

The scientists speculate that it could be a tactic employed by smaller, subordinate - and thus less attractive males - to win more female attention.

"Males can increase their attractiveness towards females by homosexual interactions, which in turn increase the likelihood of a male's future heterosexual interactions," Dr Bierbach told BBC Nature.

"We do not know how widespread female mate choice copying is, but up to now it is reported in many species, including fruit flies, fishes, birds and mammals [including] humans."

SNP launches consultation on same-sex marriage

Two female protesters dressed as brides dance at a pro-gay marriage rally outside the Scottish Parliament.

THE SNP Government will today launch a formal consultation into its plans to introduce gay marriage in Scotland.

• Scottish Government seeking views on gay marriage plans
• No religions forced to hold same-sex weddings
• Consultation to last until March

Ministers have already set out their intention to press ahead with the change, despite a previous consultation on the principle which indicated most were against.

The last consultation which ended earlier in the year had been heavily politicised with organised lobby groups on both sides mobilising nationwide campaigns.

The SNP announced in July it would press ahead with the change and are now seeking views on the detailed plans which have already been set out,

It comes after the UK government announced plans for gay marriage in England and Wales.
The Nationalist Government in Edinburgh has made it clear that no religions will be forced to hold same-sex weddings in churches.

The Scottish Government also said it would work with UK ministers to amend equality laws, to protect celebrants like ministers or priests, from legal or disciplinary action if they refuse to take part in same-sex ceremonies.

The consultation on its draft legislation - opposed by the Church of Scotland and Catholic Church - will last until March.

Health Secretary Alex Neil said the introduction of same sex marriage is the “right thing to do.”
He added: “We are striving to create a Scotland that is free, tolerant and fair and I am pleased to say there is support across the chamber for this significant step.

“I am absolutely clear that this should not impact on religious freedom and no religious body will be compelled to solemnise same sex marriages. Religious bodies who wish to solemnise same sex marriage will have to opt in.

“Where a body does decide to solemnise same sex marriages, we will also protect individual celebrants who consider such ceremonies to be contrary to their faith.”

The move has cross party support at Holyrood and Liberal Democrat leader Willie Rennie said the legislation is a “proud step forwards” for equality in Scotland.

“Equal marriage is the right and natural step towards the modern, tolerant and progressive Scotland we all want to see,” he said.

“These reasonable changes are about removing barriers and extending freedoms. It will extend the rights of same-sex couples whilst retaining the freedom of religious groups who do not wish to conduct same sex marriages. Scottish Liberal Democrats look forward to working with the Scottish Government on this historic bill.”

The protection for religious celebrants will require amendments to the UK Equality Act, but the Scottish Government is seeking this with Westminster and won’t introduce the legislation until this is secured.

As well as same sex marriage, the consultation covers a variety of other issues, including allowing civil marriage ceremonies to take place anywhere agreed by the registrar and the couple, other than religious premises.

The Government is also looking at a belief ceremonies carried out humanists being established as a third form of marriage in Scotland, alongside religious and civil ceremonies.

Independent MSP Margo MacDonald said: “I’m glad that the government is going out to consultation on this because the more people who discuss the question the harder it will be for anyone to recommend that such an inequality of treatment should be tolerated – the measure has my full support.”

Co-convener of the Scottish Greens Patrick Harvie MSP said his party has supported equal marriage for over a decade.

“I congratulate the Scottish Government for taking this next logical step,” he said.

“I look forward to examining the bill in detail over the coming months to ensure that it commits fully to the principle that same sex couples and mixed-sex couples are equal in Scotland.”